How does a spinal epidural injection function to alleviate pain?

A spinal epidural injection functions to alleviate pain primarily by delivering medication directly into the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord. This method facilitates a targeted approach to pain relief, as the medication typically consists of an anesthetic combined with a corticosteroid. The anesthetic works to numb the affected area, while the corticosteroid reduces inflammation in the surrounding tissues.

By injecting the medication directly into the epidural space, the treatment can efficiently reach the areas where nerve roots exit the spine, addressing conditions like radiculopathy or sciatica. This localized delivery system helps to minimize systemic side effects and can provide substantial pain relief, often helping patients regain mobility and improve their quality of life.

The other options describe methods that do not align with the mechanism of spinal epidural injections. Physical manipulation does not involve medication delivery, electrical stimulation pertains to different pain management devices, and the removal of damaged tissue is a surgical intervention rather than an injection-based approach.