What anatomical structures surround and protect the spinal cord?

The vertebrae are the primary anatomical structures that surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord runs through a canal formed by the sequence of vertebrae stacked on top of one another, known as the vertebral column. This bony structure not only provides a sturdy protective barrier against external trauma but also plays a vital role in maintaining the overall stability and integrity of the spinal column.

The vertebral column consists of different segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae, each serving to protect the spinal cord while allowing for a certain degree of movement and flexibility. In addition to the vertebrae, the spinal cord is also cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid and surrounded by meninges, which further enhance its protection. The integration of these bony structures, along with the other protective layers, ensures the spinal cord can function effectively while being shielded from potential damage.