Which structure is responsible for the passage of spinal nerves between adjacent vertebrae?

The intervertebral foramen is responsible for the passage of spinal nerves between adjacent vertebrae. This anatomical structure is formed by the space created between the notches of the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae. When adjacent vertebrae are stacked, these notches create openings that allow spinal nerves to exit the spinal column and innervate various parts of the body. Each pair of adjacent vertebrae has an associated intervertebral foramen through which a spinal nerve root can leave the vertebral canal.

The vertebral canal, while it protects the spinal cord, does not facilitate the passage of spinal nerves directly between adjacent vertebrae. The spinal process refers to the bony projection from the back of the vertebra, which serves mainly as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments but does not have a role in the passage of nerves. Similarly, the facet joint is a synovial joint formed between the articular processes of two vertebrae, which allows for flexibility and movement in the spine but does not serve as a conduit for spinal nerves. Therefore, the intervertebral foramen is the critical structure for the exit of spinal nerves from the vertebral column.